Brain Drain In The Philippine Education

Creating countries are wrestling with a marvel that began coming to fruition during the 1960s and during the 70s. A glance all things considered nations in Asia demonstrates expanded degrees of convergence towards the created western countries. As per a report discharged by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Asia is losing billions of dollars regarding cerebrum channel as its profoundly gifted workforce and experts are leaving their nations by the thousand towards the created nations for an all the more remunerating pay. India has lost IT experts eminent for their registering intelligence.China too has lost individuals of ability with very nearly 66% of understudies concentrating abroad neglecting to come back to their country. The rundown of nations experiencing cerebrum channel runs long, the causes are profound situated and the suggestions are accidentally inconvenient to the nation’s economies. Of uncommon worry in this paper is the situation of Philippines who se instruction division has had antagonistic impacts because of the expanded pace of cerebrum channel among instructors. A gander at the example of work development from Philippines to different countries uncovers that it has experienced intriguing transformation with dynamic unfriendly consequences for the economy.Brain channel is a wonder that began in the mid seventies however not in enormous droves experienced today. Prior to at that point anyway as Florian and Danilo (2003) note, ‘the development of profoundly gifted Filipino experts however critical was mainly a private activity among laborers and their position abroad. † In the mid seventies and the 80s, greater part of the Philippines were going to the Middle East at a negligible number of 36, 035 out of 1975. This figure anyway would rise altogether to 214,590 out of 1980 and to more than 791 000 provisional laborers in 1998 (Florian and Danilo, 2003).The flood of educators abroad is as a resultant impact of the push and pull factors between the movement and the migration nations. These push elements may go from absence of business open doors just as the quest for a superior life and profession movement. The joblessness rate in the ongoing years has run somewhere in the range of 7 and 11 % and has been the power behind the gigantic mind channel. Philippines economy depends on a rough establishment fuelled by farming, settlements from abroad and ventures that are still in their developmental stage. Joblessness is overflowing and the deluge experienced is in the offered to escape this.Philippines economy has a constrained ability to retain not exactly a million people as far as business. This is a modest number contrasted with the high number of graduates and semi talented work force it is creating yearly. The possibilities of work in remote grounds are an ameliorating break to many. A glance at the ongoing instructive patterns uncovers that the nation pool of prepared experts and graduates has been on the ascent. The nation created more than 3,000,000 alumni during the 90s extending from various callings despite the fact that the heft of this was in the business related courses.A huge extent of this included instructors which has been of the most influenced calling as far as mind channel. As indicated by the authorities in the training division, instruction in Philippines is experiencing an emergency as an immediate result of mind channel. This isn't a difficult that influence schools at the developmental level yet as indicated by J. Florendo B. , even the colleges where â€Å"compensation bundles and school condition are viewed as serious enough by Philippines measures are not excluded from the bait of abroad employment.† (2008) A gander at the flood of instructors from Philippines uncovers a troubling pattern. It is an away from of the circumstance on the ground. As indicated by the figures discharged by the Philippine Overseas Employment Statistics, there we re as not many as 112 educators that emigrated in scan for greener fields in 1992. This figure was anyway to increment quickly in the coming ten years. J. Florendo B. L. noticed that somewhere in the range of 1992 and 2002 â€Å"2289 educators were sent abroad. † A huge part of this went to the United States at 45. 2 %.These figures anyway allude to contractors and neglect to catch the all out number of instructors that emigrated. As indicated by the commission on Filipino abroad, there was â€Å"a aggregate of 9,608 exiled person educators from 1988 to 2001. † (J. Florendo, 2008. ) Over 75% of these educators moved to the United States. 20 % of all exiled people are prepared educators which leaves Philippines without any wellsprings of instructors to supplant those that are moving. Joblessness rates separated, the small pay granted to many even in worthwhile callings is a lead cause to the emigration.In non-public schools, instructors acquire under 400 us dollars whil e their partners in the state funded schools at a passage level bring home near 230 US dollars a month. This is a pitiful sum contrasted with more than 4,000 dollars every month in the United States (J. Florendo B. , 2008). The working states of the government funded schools have likewise exacerbated the need to scan for greener fields. Government funded schools in Philippine are in a sorry state, to a great extent stuffed and the innate defilement over the organization ruins the development of any possibility for profession progression.The failure of the Philippine’s economy to ingest prepared alumni educators in the state funded school has not helped either. Philippine creates more than 30 thousand instructors at the rudimentary and optional level yet just a fourth of this number is an assimilated into the government funded schools. With the immense rate increment in graduates, the legislature has just had the option to expand its rate by a negligible 1. 7 percent making an oversupply in qualified instructors and thus the resettlement Remuneration prospects separated, the capability of most Filipinos in English makes them appealing in abroad markets.According to Robert et al â€Å"English keeps on overwhelming the Philippines instructive framework. † He additionally takes note of that English â€Å"language has been genuinely developed for non artistic scholastic purposes since the bilingual instruction strategy of 1974. † The familiarity with English henceforth puts Philippines callings at a higher serious level contrasted with their partners across Asia. (1999) Brain channel over all the callings however it has had some positive commitments, is has antagonistically influenced Philippines economy. The most influenced is the instruction segment. Mind channel over the long haul is inconvenient to the economy in general.As Michel et al (2001) notes, â€Å"migration of individuals supplied with a significant level of human capital-the supp osed â€Å"brain drain† is impeding for the nation of displacement. † This has been the situation of Philippines particularly in a portion of the chose divisions. Ronald Meinarchs brings up obviously that â€Å"the more and better instructed a people the more noteworthy the odds of monetary turn of events. † Whereas Philippines might be creating experts through its intricate arrangement of preparing and instruction, the heft of this populace isn't legitimately valuable to its economy as it quickly emigrates looking for employments and greener pastures(2003).As a front referenced, Philippines is wrestling with an intense deficiency of qualified and compelling instructors. The best educators in the segment have all fled the nation towards the created countries. This has prompted a decrease in the nature of training. It is to be noticed that the greater part of the instructors that emigrate to north America are the best in the market thinking about that enrollment g uidelines in the United States are intricate and require high qualifications. Secondary schools are the most influenced as the instructors there have an authority of what they teach.It turns out to be hard for the branch of training in Philippines to fill such posts with appropriate substitutions in a nation where practically all experts are on the run. It is essential to take note of that there is an obvious reality on the positive properties of mind channel in Philippines particularly the settlements that have contributed tremendously to the economy. These settlements from abroad add up to over us $ 8. 5 billion every year which is very nearly 10 % of the entire Philippines GDP.It isn't anyway away from quite a bit of this sum is from instructors that work in North America however it is clear that their settlements are not diverted towards improving the nature of training at home. There are various advances that ought to be taken to address the negative effect of mind channel in t he instructive part. While it is preposterous to expect to limit the displacement of work in this period of globalization, the legislature should lump instructors along with pilots naming them as having ‘critical aptitudes. † This will subsequently expect them to work in the nation for a specific timeframe before they emigrate.This will give the legislature sufficient chance to prepare substitutions. It is a significant worry to take note of that Philippine, however mind channel finances the created countries’ cost of teaching and preparing experts. Philippine spends gigantic measure of assets to support work force just for them to emigrate at the last possible second. To improve training, the administration should spend a lot of the settlements to improve the instruction framework just as giving assessment motivating forces to empower remittances.ReferencesRobert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf, 1999. Language Planning in Malawi, Mozambique and the Philippines. Mul tilingual Matters Jo. Florendo B. Lontoc, A May-June 2008. Circumstance on Philippine Education University of the Philippines. Volume 9 Number 3. http://www. up. edu. ph/upforum. php? i=94 Ronald Meinardus, June 30, 2003. The Crisis of Public Education in the Philippines Business World Internet Edition: http://www. fnf. organization. ph/liberalopinion/emergency government funded training philippines. htm Cecil Morella, April 23, 2005. Clinical mind channel danger to Philippines The Standard. ht

A Pharmacist :: essays research papers

A Pharmacist Being a drug specialist is a lot harder than what you likely idea it was. Drug specialists in an emergency clinic have many, numerous duties. They should be very cautious that they have estimated the prescription effectively, on the grounds that one little misstep can be conceivably deadly. Drug specialists must recognize what a large number of the prescriptions do, and if there are any side impacts and incongruencies with different drugs the patient may be on. For instance, an individual may be taking a medicine for another issue, and if the doctor and drug specialist don't see that condition, the recommended medicine may cause a savage communication. This doesn't occur with all drugs, however it occurs with a couple, and you absolutely don't need an outcome like that. The drug specialist should likewise ensure that the patient doesn't have any sensitivities against that kind of drug. Drug specialists ought to likewise know conventional brands of prescription that may spare the patient's cash. They should know any contrasts between the brand name and the nonexclusive name, for example, tranquilize collaborations, reactions, and how it ought to be taken. A few duties of the drug specialist incorporate creation intravenous arrangements and working the TPN, which takes intravenous arrangements and includes nutrients, for example, amino acids. They likewise top off capacity canisters in the Emergency Room, where specialists can get them if a patient needs them right away. Charles Rudolph Walgreen Sr. Is the organizer of Walgreens. At the point when he was twenty, he obtained twenty dollars, and moved from Dixon, Illinois to Chicago. All through drug store school, he worked for drug stores in the day and went to school around evening time. At the point when the United States did battle with Spain in 1898, Walgreen was enrolled as a private. There were numerous illnesses in Cuba, and Walgreen fell wiped out. The specialist was certain to such an extent that Walgreen was going to kick the bucket, that he put Walgreen's name on the loss rundown, and papers recounted his demise! When Walgreen came back from the war, he filled in as a drug specialist for a man by the name of Isaac W. Blood. He later purchased out Blood's drug store. Client support was essential to Walgreen. Regularly, he would pick up the telephone himself, at that point mention to the conveyance kid what the remedy was and where to convey it. He would speak with the client, so that generally the remedy would come before the client had hung up the telephone. In 1909, he bought probably the busiest drug store in Chicago with an accomplice,

Rangel International Affairs Graduate Fellowship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Rangel International Affairs Graduate Fellowship COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We received notification that the 2014 Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Graduate Fellowship competition is officially opened. The Fellowship welcomes applications from young people interested in careers of international service.   The Rangel Graduate Fellowship Program provides benefits valued at up to $90,000 over two years toward a two-year master’s degree, arranges internships on Capitol Hill and at U.S. embassies, and provides mentoring and professional development activities for those who want to become Foreign Service Officers in the U.S. Department of State. Fellows may use the fellowship to attend a two-year master’s program in a U.S. institution to study an area of relevance to the Foreign Service, including international relations, public policy, public administration, languages, or business administration. Upon successful completion of the two-year fellowship, Fellows enter the Foreign Service of the U.S. Department of State. Applicants must be college seniors or graduates looking to start two-year graduate programs in fall 2014, have GPAs of at least 3.2, and be U.S. citizens. The program we lcomes applications from those with any undergraduate major and encourages applications from members of minority groups historically underrepresented in the Foreign Service and those with financial need.   Information and application materials for both programs are at www.rangelprogram.org.   The Rangel application deadline is January 17, 2014.   The Program is funded by the U.S. Department of State and managed by Howard University. Number of Fellowships Offered:   20 each year Eligibility Requirements:   U.S. citizenship; GPA of 3.2/4.0; seeking to start two-year relevant grad program in fall 2014 Online Application Opens   October 21, 2013   www.rangelprogram.org Application Deadline:   January 17, 2014 Finalists selected by the end of February Fellows selected by mid-March Contact Information:   rangelprogram@howard.edu; 202-806-4367 or 877-633-0002

Personal Goals I Want to Achieve as a University of...

Personal Goals I Want to Achieve as A University of Phoenix Student Shawneequa T. Elliott University of Phoenix September 7, 2005 Personal Goals 1 Abstract The ultimate result of this paper will reflect my personal goals that I hope to achieve as a University of Phoenix student and which I have been and am trying to pursue and obtain. They are goals that I feel I need to have in life in order to survive, prosper, and succeed to higher full-filling and journeys. In this essay, I hope to convey to the reader how I am optimistically moving to reach these goals, as well as represent to the reader how one can set their mind to determine the goals that he or she needs and/or†¦show more content†¦He was so obliging and did in fact fax me the two assignments and told me that if I didnt retrieve the rest in a timely matter, that he would be glad to bring me the rest. As it turned out, I was soon after, able to get on my student web page. Just the notion of Joe being so helpful though; and so kind, gave me a chance to really enjoy a new classmate and his kind gestures. This episode is just a small example of a positive result that I look forward to being a part of in meeting, learning, and helping with classmates and teachers. I also hope to make connections with some of the professionals that I have a chance to work with at school, so that we may keep in touch and even be able to collaborate and brainstorm at some point and/or refer clients to each other. For instance, my teacher is a police officer, who may be able to pass the word to other police officers and professionals regarding what we do in our Success Project at Legal Aid, which is try to assist ex-offenders successfully re-enter society. As these police officers may be re-arresting these group of people (or in place of arresting/re-arresting), maybe they can inform them that there is a program at Legal Aid that will assist them into obtaining higher education and training, as well as employment, social services, and transportation. Maybe the officers can tell these people look, do somethingShow MoreRelated Personal Goals Essays607 Words   |  3 Pages Personal Goals I want to Achieve as a University of Phoenix Student With a degree from the University of Phoenix, I will rule the world! The worlds that I will rule are my own internal and external ones. These worlds consist of paper, development of personal skills, satisfaction and achievement, titles, and specialized knowledge. My goals are personal, family-oriented, business-related, or just plain selfish. The receipt of a diploma is something that I perceive as slightly superficial. ObtainingRead MorePersonal Academic Goals Essay693 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Academic Goals Life is a continual learning process, which requires a strong method to develop better ways of apprenticeship. Personally, being able to obtain a higher education gives me an opportunity to be better in many ways. Everyone should have any personal goals in life in order to survive, prosper and succeed in every journey that life gives. As for me, being a University of Phoenix student, I hope to achieve all of my goals on which I have been trying to pursue and obtain throughRead MoreMy Personal Goals Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesThe personal goals that I want to achieve as a student of the University of Phoenix are in the education and career areas of my life. In my education, my major goal is to gain knowledge in computers and network administration, eventually culminating in a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. I also wish to strengthen my grammar and interpersonal skills. In my career, my goal is to either advance from my current career as a paralegal to that of an office manager or to enter into a differentRead More My personal Goals Essay882 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The personal goals that I want to achieve as a student of the University of Phoenix are in the education and career areas of my life. In my education, my major goal is to gain knowledge in computers and network administration, eventually culminating in a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. I also wish to strengthen my grammar and interpersonal skills. In my career, my goal is to either advance from my current career as a paralegal to that of an office managerRead MoreAcademic Sucess Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Academic Success Answer each question below in at least 75 words per question, reflecting on your current abilities, and identify resources to strengthen your skills. 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This drive for improvements does not stop at work. This person usuallyRead MoreContinuing Academic Success Essay1502 Words   |  7 PagesContinuing Academic Success Francheska Masoller GEN/201 Foundations for University Success July-28, 2014 Ann Zomerfeld Continuing Academic Success It is a big step for someone who has been out of school for so long, to have the courage to begin the journey of higher education. Personally, it took me several years of contemplating if going back to school was the right move for me. I postponed it until I realized this was the only way I could provide my family with the life I’ve always dreamed of. I’veRead MorePersonal Plan For Succeed For A University Of Phoenix1188 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Plan to Succeed I have thought long and hard about the question proposed on my personal place to succeed. There is lots of things to think about and to take into consideration. I will talk about why my graduate studies are so important to me, which include where I was before I decided to go to the University of Phoenix. I will also discuss how I am going to achieve the goals that I have set for myself and what obstacles will be in my way that I will have to overcome. Personal Plan to Succeed

Introduction to Beaux Arts Architecture

Beaux Arts is an opulent subset of the Neoclassical and Greek Revival architectural styles. A dominant design during the Gilded Age, Beaux Arts was a popular but short-lived movement in the United States, lasting from roughly 1885 to 1925. Also known as Beaux-Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts is a late and eclectic form of Neoclassicism. It combines classical architecture from ancient Greece and Rome with Renaissance ideas. Beaux-Arts architecture became part of the late 19th century American Renaissance movement. Beaux Arts is characterized by order, symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation. Architectural characteristics include balustrades, balconies, columns, cornices, pilasters, and triangular pediments. Stone exteriors are massive and grandiose in their symmetry; interiors are typically polished and lavishly decorated with sculptures, swags, medallions, flowers, and shields. Interiors will often have a grand stairway and opulent ballroom. Large arches rival the ancient Roman arches. According to the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation, It is the showy, almost operatic, manner in which these elements are composed that gives the style its characteristic flavor. In the United States, the Beaux-Arts style led to planned neighborhoods with large, ostentatious houses, wide boulevards, and vast parks. Because of the size and grandiosity of the buildings, the Beaux-Arts style is most commonly used for public buildings like museums, railway stations, libraries, banks, courthouses, and government buildings. Examples and Architects In the U.S., Beaux Arts was used in some of the public architecture in Washington, D.C., most notably Union Station by architect Daniel H. Burnham and the Library of Congress (LOC) Thomas Jefferson building on Capitol Hill. In Newport, Rhode Island, the Vanderbilt Marble House and Rosecliff Mansion stand out as grand Beaux-Arts cottages. In New York City, Grand Central Terminal, Carnegie Hall, the Waldorf, and the New York Public Library all express Beaux-Arts grandeur. In San Francisco, the Palace of Fine Arts and the former home of the Main Library (now housing the Asian Art Museum) were built with wealth from the California Gold Rush. Besides Burnham, other architects associated with the style include Richard Morris Hunt (1827–1895), Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886), Charles Follen McKim (1847–1909), Raymond Hood (1881–1934), and George B. Post (1837–1913). The popularity of the Beaux-Arts style waned in the 1920s, and within 25 years the buildings were considered to be gaudy. Today the phrase beaux arts is used by English-speaking people to attach a dignity or sometimes a frivolity to the ordinary, such as the volunteer fundraising group named Beaux Arts in Miami, Florida. Its been used to suggest luxury and sophistication, as the Marriott hotel chain expresses with its Hotel Beaux Arts Miami. French in Origin In French, the term beaux arts (pronounced BOZE-ar) means fine arts or beautiful arts. The Beaux-Arts style emanated from France, based on ideas taught at the legendary LÉcole des Beaux Arts (The School of Fine Arts), one of the oldest and most esteemed schools of architecture and design in Paris. The period spanning the late 19th century and turn of the 20th century was a time of great industrial growth throughout the world. During this period, which followed the American Civil War, the United States became a world power. It was in this period, too, that architecture in the U.S. was becoming a licensed profession requiring schooling. French ideas of beauty were brought to the United States by American architects fortunate enough to have studied at the only internationally known school of architecture, L’École des Beaux Arts. European aesthetics spread to the newly wealthy areas around the world. It is found mostly in urban areas, where it can make a more public statement of prosperity or an embarrassment of riches. In France, Beaux-Arts design was most popular during what became known as the Belle Époque, or the beautiful age. Perhaps the most important and best-known example of this French opulence within a logical design is the Paris Opà ©ra house by the French architect Charles Garnier. To Hyphenate or Not Generally, if  beaux arts  is used alone, the words are not hyphenated. When used together as an adjective to describe a style or architecture, the words are often hyphenated. Some English dictionaries always hyphenate these non-English words. Sources Drexler, Arthur. The Architecture of the Ecole Des Beaux-Arts. Museum of Modern Art,1977Fricker, Jonathan and Donna. The Beaux Arts Style. Document prepared for the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation, 2010, (PDF).Hunt, Richard Morris. Beaux-Arts Architectural Drawings, the Octagon Museum (Eight High-Quality, Full-Color, Reproductions). Pomegranate Publications, 1996.

Taking a Closer Look at an Ozone Molecule - 958 Words

INTRODUCTION An ozone molecule contains three of oxygen atoms (O3) which included the molecular oxygen (O2) that is important in our life in order to survive. Ozone is also the form of UV rays (sun) from the upper parts of atmosphere which is called stratosphere. Another name for stratosphere is protective ozone layer because it can help to protect human from the harmful effect of the ultra-violet radiation (UV ray) by absorbing it. But the lower part of atmosphere which name troposphere, can easily causes harmful or damage to a lung tissues of human and also the leaves tissue of plants because of the strong oxidizing agent. However when sunny or warm days, an ozone that formed by nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the lower parts of atmosphere will†¦show more content†¦The symptoms of fleck is then merge to form more larger and from bleached white to yellowish color on leaves surface (dead areas). It normally will first affect the mature leaves which is nearly, then proceed to a younger and older leaves. This is because the most sensitive plants to ozone are young plants compared to mature plants which are more relatively resistant to ozone. However, the plants tissue that is already infected by certain fungi (Botrytis) will also killed by ozone. Causes of ozone in a pumpkin leaf Source from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/images/docs/12462_12656/OzonePumpkinLeaf.JPG Besides that in sensitive species of plant, ozone can causes a loss of premature leaves, decreasing of the process photosynthesis, leaf, root and a total of dry weight. And with the absence of vice versa and injury of foliar can causes the changes of physiological. There are many factor that can ameliorate (improve) or magnify the injury of ozone at different places and times. Example is soil moisture, insects or diseases, other presence of air pollutants and also environmental stresses. SENSITIVITY Injury patterns will occur when the sensitive plants exposure to ozone than 4 hours with levels from 0.04 to 1.0 ppm. Difference for the same plant that infected ozone are totally differs, for example of plant are, bean, grape, oat, onion, potatoShow MoreRelatedDesign And Fabrication Of Hybrid Cooler1844 Words   |  8 Pages3,4 Under Graduate Student, 5Assistant Professor Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Collage of Engg. Research, Nagpur, India, 441110 Abstract— Now a days, global warming is one of the serious concern for environment to get protected from it every one is taking help of technology by the means of different types of refrigeration system for comfort food process, medicines, blood storage, humidity control, etc. use of refrigeration system not totally green or ineffective environment, if we can use proper eco-friendlyRead MoreHow Are The Poor Affected By Environmental Problems? Essay2382 Words   |  10 Pagesdegradation have a severe impact on the poor and can increase their poverty.† (1) when we way that their is a positive feedback loop it means that every little action that poor people do have an impact on our environment we are all concern and we should not look away from it, finding solution to decrease poverty is directly linked to finding solution to our environmental problem. 2. Critical Thinking: The poor who live in the U.S. and the poor who live in some of the poorest nations face different risksRead MoreBp Sustainability Essay28986 Words   |  116 Pagesshareholders around the world. We feel a deep sense of responsibility to everyone affected by what we do and how we do it – not just in the Gulf of Mexico, but wherever we operate. And not just this year, but every year. In this Sustainability Review, we look at what that sense of responsibility means in practice. We discuss how the accident and oil spill are shaping how we do business, and the changes we are making to our portfolio and organization. Our website plays an integral part in our sustainability

Possible Causes of Anxiety/ Hypertension in Young People

Questions: 1. What are the possible causes of hypertension in young people?2. How and where are catecholamines synthesized?3. How do catecholamines control blood pressure and heart rate?4. Why was it necessary for the G.P. measure urine catecholamines?5. What does a high urinary metanephrine concentration indicate? Answers: This assignment is based on the case study of Miss Chan, who is a 26 years old woman, having chest pain, sweating, extreme anxiety and abdominal pain with an increased heart rate. She was having these issues over the past few months and observed that, these issues arise after any kind of hard work. Miss Chan also has a family history of death due to heart disease. Therefore, her case needs significant care and consideration. Her reports also show high blood pressure and high pulse rate. 1. In middle age, elevated blood pressure has been found to affect the lifestyle of young adults, especially at the age of twenty five, which enhances the risk of clogged heart arteries by the middle age, found by a U. S. study. It was also found by Acton (2012) that, in young adulthood, hypertension is connected with the high risk of calcium build up in heart arteries at the age of twenty five, which enhances the risk of blood clogging. The reason behind hypertension and calcium build up can be said to be the result of lifestyle changes. At this age, diet changes, hormonal changes and lack of exercise are the important causes of hypertension in young people. There are a number of other health issues, which enhances the risk of hypertension in young adults (Damanhuri, 2012). These include drugs, lifestyle, consumption of unhealthy street food, changes in life style and nutritional diet, hyperthyroidism and aldosteronism. The secondary causes of hypertension include ABCDE, obstructive sleep apnea; Bruits; catecholamines, coartation and cushings syndrome; drugs and diet as well as endocrine and erythropoietin disorders. In case of Miss Chan, her physical examination showed elevated blood pressure of 110/180 and excessive sweating. The cause of her symptoms could be due to elevated catecholamine levels, which play an important role in establishing white-coat hypertension and OSA. She was also diagnosed to have abdomen pain, which indicate the presence of abdominal bruits. The result of plasma also indicates the role of catecholamines in the elevated level of blood pressure (Eiden, 2013). The urine report of Miss Chan indicated elevated levels of metanephrine, adrenaline, noradrenaline in blood plasma, indicating elevated levels of hypertension. 2. Catecholamines are the monoamines, which are organic compounds having a catechol group along with an amine in the chain. These are derivatives of biological amino acids and have significant function in the regulatory pathways. The catecholamines have been derived from atyrosine amino acids. These are bound to plasma proteins in circulation and are water soluble (Eleftheriou and Scott 2012). The catecholamine groups include epinephrine or adrenaline, norepinephrine or noradrenaline and dopamine produced from tyrosine and phenylalanine. These epinephrines and norepinephrines are secreted from the adrenal medulla of adrenal glands. These are called stress hormones, which are secreted in response to any stress situation. As in the case of Miss Chan, when she rushes from garden towards her room to receive a phone call, such hormones are secreted as a response of sudden stress and disturbance in the bodys homeostasis. This class of hormones has a distinct structure, a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups, along with an intermediate ethyl chain and a terminal amine group. The catecholamines are produced by the chroimaffin cells in the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers in the human nervous system (Goldstein 2013). On the other hand, being a neurotransmitter dopamine is widely produced in the neuronal cell bodies within two areas of brainstem, the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra. Within these catecholamines, from DOPA, dopamine is first synthesized.. The epinephrine and norepinephrines are then produced after metabolic modification of dopamine. Tyrosine hydroxylase oxidizes tyrosine thereby form DOPA or Dihydroxyphenylalanine (Ice and James 2012). Then DOPA decarboxylase releases carbon dioxide from DOPA and the resultant substance is Dopamine. Then Dopamine hydroxylase modifies dopamine to produce norepinephrine. From the final product, epinephrine is being produced by methylation, where SAM acts as a methyl donor group. In this reaction, the first step by tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting step for biosynthesis of catecholamines. Figure: Synthesis of Catecholamines (Source: Klabunde 2012) 3. Catecholamines act on heart and blood vessels in the case via alpha and beta adrenoceptors. Catecholamines include adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. These are neurotransmitters, released in the synaptic junctions, where they act as stimuli of stress response by the brain. Catecholamines act on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, after releasing response against stress (Sorriento et. 2012). Catecholamines enhance the heart beat rate, by narrowing blood vessels and by causing rise in blood pressure. The major reason behind catecholamine related heart beat increases the enhancement of intracellular concentration of cyclic-AMP. The beta1 enhances the concentration of intracellular cycle-AMP (Kuchel et al. 2012). The cyclic-AMP is a secondary messenger, which acts on the activity of protein kinase A. The PKA is a kinase, which has a property of adding phosphate group on its substances, thereby activating those substances. The activated protein kinase A phosphorylates some specif ied sites of calcium channels, which also includes alpha1-subunits. The phosphorylation of calcium channels modifies the composition and helps the channels to open. . The open calcium channels allow calcium ions to enter. The enhanced concentration of intracellular calcium ion enhances the probability of cardiac contraction. By the similar mechanism, it increases the calcium ion gathered by sarcoplasmic reticulum. The result would be the enhanced amount of calcium stored in the intracellular endoplasmic reticulum (Manger and Gifford 2012). Hence, this also enhances the probability of calcium ion availability in the intracellular vesicles, which could be released for potential action.. Therefore, the net result is an elevated ventricular function. Norepinephrine is an agonist of alpha and beta-1 receptors and produces vasoconstriction without vasodilation component. As a result, direct positive inotropuc and chronotropic effects are exerted and finally it enhances peripheral vascular resistance, pulse pressure and arterial pressure. Epinephrine is an agonist of alpha and beta receptors. It enhances vasodilation and vasoconstriction (Michalkiewicz 2013). The effects of resulted inotrophic and chronotropic actions involve peripheral resistance and increased pulse pressure. Dopamine is the agonist of dopamine D1 receptors. However, at high concentration dopamine acts as agonist of alpha-1 receptors and enhances the release of norepinephrine from synaptic terminals. Dopamine decreases peripheral vascular resistance and increases pulse pressure and mean arterial blood pressure, by interacting with D1 receptor, which enhances vasodylation. The beta-induced enhancement in stroke volume and heart rate resulted in high cardiac output a nd raised systolic BP and enhanced pulse pressure (Mooren 2012). 4. The presence of catecholamines in plasma indicates the level of stress in the patient. Being the stress hormone, the effect of these hormones is significant in examining the case of blood pressure and hypertension. The Catecholamine Urine Test is used for identifying signs of pheochromocytoma. Sometimes this kind of tumor grows in the adrenal gland and promotes the synthesis of catecholamines (Oemisch 2012). Sometimes, it would help to detect the presence of neuroblastoma, however, this kind of tumors are more common in children. However, in case of Miss Chan, doctors have prescribed for catecholamine urine test to detect the presence of pheochromocytoma. This tumor enhances the release of hormones from adrenal glands in response to stress, it can cause high blood pressure, excessive sweating, rapid heartbeats, all of these signs are present in Miss Chan, so the suggestion for this test to Miss Chan is an appropriate diagnosis. The result showed elevated levels of catecholamines c oncentration in blood plasma and urine of Miss Chan. The result showed that, Miss Chan has 6175 nmol/24 hrs of metanephrine in her urine sample, whereas the normal range is 375 to 1506 nmol/24 hrs. It is indicting that, Miss Chan is having excessive amount of metabolic products of such hormones in her urine sample (Radermacher et al. 2013). It indicates that, there are some irregularities in hormonal balance, and these stress hormones are the major reason behind her symptoms of acute chest pain, high blood pressure, anxiety and increased pulse rate. Therefore, there is a chance of the presence of a pheochromocytoma tumor. The result would be confirmed with further tests. 5. In the case of Miss Chan, her blood plasma and urine samples were tested for measuring the amount of stress hormones in body fluids. The presence of elevated levels of stresses hormones and its derivates indicate that some hormone imbalance is created in the body, thereby enhancing the formation and release of stress hormone from the adrenal gland (Santiago 2012). The primary catecholamines are broken down into the metabolic metanephrines and normetanephrines. The metanephrine is a metabolic derivative of the result, which indicates the presence of stress hormones or catecholamines. Therefore, the presence of metanephrine in the urine indicates the secretion of excessive amount of catecholamines, which enhances blood pressure and pulse rates along with additional symptoms (Wenzel et al. 2012). The elevated level of metanephrine in blood indicates the presence of pheochromocytomas, which is a rare tumor. 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